Cotton variety 04T048

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the novel cotton variety designated 04T048. Provided by the invention are the seeds, plants, plant parts and derivatives of the cotton variety 04T048. Also provided by the invention are tissue cultures of the cotton variety 04T048 and the plants regenerated therefrom. Still further provided by the invention are methods for producing cotton plants by crossing the cotton variety 04T048 with itself or another cotton variety and plants produced by such methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of cotton breeding.In particular, the invention relates to the novel cotton variety 04T048.

2. Description of Related Art

There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirableplant germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definitionof problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishmentof program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives.The next step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meetthe program goals. The goal is to combine in a single variety animproved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm.These important traits may include resistance to diseases and insects,tolerance to drought and heat, tolerance to herbicides, improvements infiber traits and numerous other agronomic traits that may be desirableto the farmer or end user.

Choice of breeding or selection methods depends on the mode of plantreproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and thetype of variety used commercially (e.g., F₁ hybrid variety, purelinevariety, etc.). For highly heritable traits, a choice of superiorindividual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective,whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based onmean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of relatedplants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection,modified pedigree selection, mass selection, recurrent selection andbackcrossing.

The complexity of inheritance influences choice of the breeding method.Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or a few favorable genes fora highly heritable trait into a desirable variety. This approach hasbeen used extensively for breeding disease-resistant plant varieties.Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improvequantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use ofrecurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease ofpollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination,and the number of offspring from each successful cross.

Each breeding program should include a periodic, objective evaluation ofthe efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria varydepending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain fromselection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard,overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of successfulvarieties produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per dollarexpended, etc.).

Promising advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested and compared toappropriate standards in environments representative of the commercialtarget area(s) for generally three or more years. The best lines arecandidates for new commercial varieties. Those still deficient in a fewtraits may be used as parents to produce new populations for furtherselection.

These processes, which lead to the final step of marketing anddistribution, may take as much as eight to 12 years from the time thefirst cross is made. Therefore, development of new varieties is atime-consuming process that requires precise forward planning, efficientuse of resources, and a minimum of changes in direction.

A most difficult task is the identification of individuals that aregenetically superior, because for most traits the true genotypic valueis masked by other confounding plant traits or environmental factors.One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performancerelative to other experimental plants and to one or more widely grownstandard varieties. Single observations are generally inconclusive,while replicated observations provide a better estimate of geneticworth.

The goal of plant breeding is to develop new, unique and superior cottonvarieties. The breeder initially selects and crosses two or moreparental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producingmany new genetic combinations. Each year, the plant breeder selects thegermplasm to advance to the next generation. This germplasm is grownunder unique and different geographical, climatic and soil conditions,and further selections are then made, during and at the end of thegrowing season. The varieties which are developed are unpredictable.This unpredictability is because the breeder's selection occurs inunique environments, with no control at the DNA level (usingconventional breeding procedures), and with millions of differentpossible genetic combinations being generated. A breeder of ordinaryskill in the art cannot predict the final resulting lines he develops,except possibly in a very gross and general fashion. The same breedercannot produce the same variety twice by using the exact same originalparents and the same selection techniques. This unpredictability resultsin the expenditure of large amounts of research monies to developsuperior new cotton varieties.

Pureline cultivars, such as generally used in cotton and many othercrops, are commonly bred by hybridization of two or more parentsfollowed by selection. The complexity of inheritance, the breedingobjectives and the available resources influence the breeding method.The development of new varieties requires development and selection, thecrossing of varieties and selection of progeny from superior crosses.

Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used todevelop varieties from breeding populations. Breeding programs combinedesirable traits from two or more varieties or various broad-basedsources into breeding pools from which varieties are developed byselfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new varieties areevaluated to determine which have commercial potential.

Pedigree breeding is commonly used for the improvement ofself-pollinating crops. Two parents which possess favorable,complementary traits are crossed to produce an F₁. An F₂ population isproduced by selfing one or several F₁ plants. Selection of the bestindividuals may begin in the F₂ population or later depending uponobjectives of the breeder; then, beginning in the F₃, the bestindividuals in the best families can be selected. Replicated testing offamilies can begin in the F₃ or F₄ generation to improve theeffectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At anadvanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F₆ and F₇), the best lines ormixtures of phenotypically similar lines are typically tested forpotential release as new varieties.

Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations ofeither self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variablepopulation of heterozygous individuals is either identified or createdby intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selectedbased on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellentcombining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a newpopulation in which further cycles of selection are continued.

The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to plantinga segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, andusing the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When thepopulation has been advanced from the F₂ to the desired level ofinbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace todifferent F₂ individuals. The number of plants in a population declineseach generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plantsto produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F₂ plantsoriginally sampled in the population will be represented by a progenywhen generation advance is completed.

The modified single seed descent procedures involve harvesting multipleseed (i.e., a single lock or a simple boll) from each plant in apopulation and combining them to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is usedto plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. This procedurehas been used to save labor at harvest and to maintain adequate seedquantities of the population. The multiple-seed procedure may be used tosave labor. It is considerably faster to gin bolls with a machine thanto remove one seed by hand for the single-seed procedure. Themultiple-seed procedure also makes it possible to plant the same numberof seeds of a population each generation of inbreeding. Enough seeds areharvested to make up for those plants that did not germinate or produceseed.

Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used fordifferent traits and crops can be found in one of several referencebooks (e.g., Allard, 1960; Simmonds, 1979; Sneep et al., 1979; Fehr,1987a,b).

Proper testing should detect any major faults and establish the level ofsuperiority or improvement over current varieties. In addition toshowing superior performance, there must be a demand for a new varietythat is compatible with industry standards or which creates a newmarket. The introduction of a new variety will incur additional costs tothe seed producer, the grower, processor and consumer; for specialadvertising and marketing, altered seed and commercial productionpractices, and new product utilization. The testing preceding release ofa new variety should take into consideration research and developmentcosts as well as technical superiority of the final variety. Forseed-propagated varieties, it must be feasible to produce seed easilyand economically.

The two cotton species commercially grown in the United States areGossypium hirsutum, commonly known as short staple or upland cotton andGossypium barbadense, commonly known as extra long staple (ELS) or, inthe United States, as Pima cotton. Upland cotton fiber is used in a widearray of coarser spin count products. Pima cotton is used in finer spincount yarns (50-80) which are primarily used in more expensive garments.Other properties of Pima cotton are critical because of fiber end use.

Cotton is an important and valuable field crop. Thus, a continuing goalof plant breeders is to develop stable, high yielding cotton varietiesthat are agronomically sound. The reasons for this goal are obviously tomaximize the amount and quality of the fiber produced on the land usedand to supply fiber, oil and food for animals and humans. To accomplishthis goal, the cotton breeder must select and develop plants that havethe traits that result in superior cultivars.

The goal of a commercial cotton breeding program is to develop new,unique and superior cotton varieties. In cotton, important traitsinclude higher fiber (lint) yield, earlier maturity, improved fiberquality, resistance to diseases and insects, tolerance to drought andheat, and improved agronomic traits. The breeder initially selects andcrosses two or more parental lines, followed by generation advancementand selection, thus producing many new genetic combinations. The breedercan theoretically generate billions of different genetic combinationsvia this procedure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention relates to seed of the cottonvariety 04T048. The invention also relates to plants produced by growingthe seed of the cotton variety 04T048, as well as the derivatives ofsuch plants. As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells,plant protoplasts, plant cells of a tissue culture from which cottonplants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cellsthat are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as pollen, flowers,seeds, bolls, leaves, stems, and the like.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a tissue culture ofregenerable cells of the cotton variety 04T048, as well as plantsregenerated therefrom, wherein the regenerated cotton plant expressesall the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant grownfrom the cotton seed designated 04T048.

Yet another aspect of the current invention is a cotton plant of thecotton variety 04T048 comprising at least a first transgene, wherein thecotton plant is otherwise capable of expressing all the physiologicaland morphological characteristics of the cotton variety 04T048. Inparticular embodiments of the invention, a plant is provided thatcomprises a single locus conversion. A single locus conversion maycomprise a transgenic gene which has been introduced by genetictransformation into the cotton variety 04T048 or a progenitor thereof. Atransgenic or non-transgenic single locus conversion can also beintroduced by backcrossing, as is well known in the art. In certainembodiments of the invention, the single locus conversion may comprise adominant or recessive allele. The locus conversion may conferpotentially any desired trait upon the plant as described herein.

Still yet another aspect of the invention relates to a first generation(F₁) hybrid cotton seed produced by crossing a plant of the cottonvariety 04T048 to a second cotton plant. Also included in the inventionare the F₁ hybrid cotton plants grown from the hybrid seed produced bycrossing the cotton variety 04T048 to a second cotton plant. Stillfurther included in the invention are the seeds of an F₁ hybrid plantproduced with the cotton variety 04T048 as one parent, the secondgeneration (F₂) hybrid cotton plant grown from the seed of the F₁ hybridplant, and the seeds of the F₂ hybrid plant.

Still yet another aspect of the invention is a method of producingcotton seeds comprising crossing a plant of the cotton variety 04T048 toany second cotton plant, including itself or another plant of thevariety 04T048. In particular embodiments of the invention, the methodof crossing comprises the steps of a) planting seeds of the cottonvariety 04T048; b) cultivating cotton plants resulting from said seedsuntil said plants bear flowers; c) allowing fertilization of the flowersof said plants; and, d) harvesting seeds produced from said plants.

Still yet another aspect of the invention is a method of producinghybrid cotton seeds comprising crossing the cotton variety 04T048 to asecond, distinct cotton plant which is nonisogenic to the cotton variety04T048. In particular embodiments of the invention, the crossingcomprises the steps of a) planting seeds of cotton variety 04T048 and asecond, distinct cotton plant, b) cultivating the cotton plants grownfrom the seeds until the plants bear flowers; c) cross pollinating aflower on one of the two plants with the pollen of the other plant, andd) harvesting the seeds resulting from the cross pollinating.

Still yet another aspect of the invention is a method for developing acotton plant in a cotton breeding program comprising: obtaining a cottonplant, or its parts, of the variety 04T048; and b) employing said plantor parts as a source of breeding material using plant breedingtechniques. In the method, the plant breeding techniques may be selectedfrom the group consisting of recurrent selection, mass selection, bulkselection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, genetic marker-assistedselection and genetic transformation. In certain embodiments of theinvention, the cotton plant of variety 04T048 is used as the male orfemale parent.

Still yet another aspect of the invention is a method of producing acotton plant derived from the cotton variety 04T048, the methodcomprising the steps of: (a) preparing a progeny plant derived fromcotton variety 04T048 by crossing a plant of the cotton variety 04T048with a second cotton plant; and (b) crossing the progeny plant withitself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a subsequentgeneration which is derived from a plant of the cotton variety 04T048.In one embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises: (c)crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or asecond plant; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) for at least 2-10additional generations to produce an inbred cotton plant derived fromthe cotton variety 04T048. Also provided by the invention is a plantproduced by this and the other methods of the invention. Plant variety04T048-derived plants produced by this and the other methods of theinvention described herein may, in certain embodiments of the invention,be further defined as comprising the traits of plant variety 04T048given in Table 1.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term“comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” butit is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,”and “one or more than one.”

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the specificexamples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, aregiven by way of illustration only, since various changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides, in one aspect, methods and composition relatingto plants, seeds and derivatives of the cotton variety 04T048. Thecotton variety 04T048 has been judged to be uniform for breedingpurposes and testing. The variety can be reproduced by planting andgrowing seeds of the variety under self-pollinating or sib-pollinatingconditions, as is known to those of skill in the agricultural arts.Variety 04T048 shows no variants other than what would normally beexpected due to environment or that would occur for almost anycharacteristic during the course of repeated sexual reproduction.

Cotton variety 04T048 has been evaluated in replicated tests. Tests havebeen conducted in Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia, Louisiana,Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas. The results of anobjective description of the variety are presented below, in Table 1.Those of skill in the art will recognize that these are typical valuesthat may vary due to environment and that other values that aresubstantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention.

TABLE 1 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Variety04T048 CHARACTERISTIC VALUE 1. Species G. hirsutum L. 2. Areas ofAdaptation Eastern, Delta, Western, Arizona, Blacklands 3. GeneralCharacteristics Plant Habit Intermediate Foliage Intermediate StemLodging Intermediate Fruiting Branch Short Growth Intermediate LeafColor Medium Green Boll Shape Length>Width Boll Breadth Broadest at Base4. Maturity Date of 50% Open Bolls Rating Sep. 19, 2005 5. Plant Cm to1^(st) Fruiting Branch 16.0 No. of Nodes to 1^(st) Fruiting 5.8 BranchMature Plant Height cm 139.6 6. Leaf Type Normal Pubescence SparseNectaries Present 7. Stem Pubescence Intermediate 8. Glands Leaf NormalStem Normal Calyx Lobe Normal 9. Flower Petals Cream Pollen Cream PetalSpot Absent 10. Seed Seed Index g/100 Seed, Fuzzy Basis 9.8 Lint Index glint/100 Seeds 6.5 11. Boll Lint Percent - Picked 40.8 No. of Seeds perBoll 31.8 Grams Seed Cotton per Boll 5.2 No. of Locules per Boll 4-5Boll Type Open 12. Fiber Properties HVI Length (Inches, 2.5% SL) 1.21Uniformity (%) 83.5 Strength T1 (g/tex) 33.6 Elongation E1 (%) 12.2Micronaire 4.3 These are typical values. Values may vary due toenvironment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are withinthe scope of the invention.

The performance characteristics of cotton variety 04T048 were alsoanalyzed and comparisons were made with competing variety DP 565. Theresults of the analysis are presented below, in Tables 2-3.

TABLE 2 Performance Data for Variety 04T048 and Variety DP 565 LengthUniformity Strength Test Description Lint Percent Micronaire 2.5 SpanPercent g/Tex Year Region Expt City State 04T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 56504T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 565 2002 7 21CO0720 Coolidge AZ42.3 38.9 4.3 4.4 1.20 1.17 83.3 81.2 32.6 29.1 2002 7 21MA0719 MaricopaAZ 38.2 38.0 3.4 3.7 1.23 1.23 75.8 80.7 35.7 33.6 2003 7 32CO0709Coolidge AZ 39.0 37.6 4.5 5.0 1.27 1.27 85.0 85.0 35.4 32.3 2003 732MA0714 Maricopa AZ 37.7 35.0 4.9 4.8 1.30 1.25 86.2 85.3 38.0 36.32003 2 32TF0233 Tifton GA 45.8 39.2 2003 4 32WI0444 Wisner LA 43.0 42.74.5 4.8 1.18 1.18 85.0 85.0 34.2 31.8 2004 7 42CG0708 Casa AZ 42.3 40.84.8 5.0 1.22 1.20 84.4 84.6 28.9 28.8 Grande 2004 7 42CO0704 Coolidge AZ43.4 40.5 5.3 5.4 1.19 1.19 84.8 84.9 32.9 31.9 2004 7 42VI0729 VisaliaCA 41.2 39.9 3.4 4.0 1.20 1.20 83.1 83.1 33.5 31.2 2005 7 51MA0734Maricopa AZ 36.5 36.4 3.5 4.4 1.17 1.20 83.6 84.9 29.1 29.0 2005 754CG0724 Casa AZ 41.2 39.6 4.8 5.0 1.19 1.20 84.0 84.4 35.7 33.3 Grande2005 7 5TMA0732 Maricopa AZ 38.4 38.4 3.8 4.6 1.21 1.20 82.8 83.9 33.131.0 Average 40.8 38.9 4.3 4.7 1.21 1.21 83.5 83.9 33.6 31.7 No.Comparisons 12 11 11 11 11 Difference 0.0 −0.4 0.01 −0.4 1.4 F ratio -Analysis of Variance 11.773 13.105 1.108 0.701 32.976 Probablity ofdifference - F test 0.006 0.005 0.317 0.422 0.000 Signifcance <=0.01<=0.01 NS NS <=0.001 Plant Height¹ Maturity² String Out³ ElongationRating Rating Rating Test Description E1 (%) (1-5) (1-5) (1-5) YearRegion Expt City State 04T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 565 04T048DP 565 2002 7 21CO0720 Coolidge AZ 12.5 13.0 4.5 5.0 4.0 4.5 3.3 3.52002 7 21MA0719 Maricopa AZ 13.3 13.0 5.3 4.5 5.5 4.0 4.3 3.3 2003 732CO0709 Coolidge AZ 12.7 12.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.5 3.5 3.3 2003 7 32MA0714Maricopa AZ 11.5 10.6 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.8 2.8 3.5 2003 2 32TF0233 Tifton GA4.7 3.8 3.0 2.5 1.7 2.0 2003 4 32WI0444 Wisner LA 12.5 12.0 3.3 3.4 20047 42CG0708 Casa AZ 14.8 12.6 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.4 Grande 2004 742CO0704 Coolidge AZ 9.5 9.3 4.5 4.8 4.0 3.8 2004 7 42VI0729 Visalia CA11.0 12.2 2005 7 51MA0734 Maricopa AZ 13.0 12.7 2005 7 54CG0724 Casa AZ11.7 11.9 Grande 2005 7 5TMA0732 Maricopa AZ 12.3 12.0 Average 12.2 12.04.6 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.3 3.3 No. Comparisons 11 7 5 8 Difference 0.3 0.1 0.40.1 F ratio - Analysis of Variance 0.798 0.185 1.137 0.216 Probablity ofdifference - F test 0.393 0.683 0.335 0.656 Signifcance NS NS NS NSValues are derived from the Analysis of Variance routine in the EXCEL -ANALYSIS TOOL PAK add-in ¹Plant Height Rating (1-5): 1 = Short plant, 5= Tall plant ²Maturity Rating (1-5): 1 = Early maturing, 5 = Latematuring ³String Out Rating (1-5): 1 = Seed cotton held tight in Boll, 5= Seed cotton held loose in Boll

TABLE 3 Summary of Performance Data Comparing Cotton Varieties 04T048and DP 565 Cm to 1st Seed Fruiting Test Description Plant Height IndexLint Index Branch YEAR REGION Replication CITY STATE 04T048 DP 56504T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 565 2005 7 5MPV0730_1 Maricopa AZ139.5 143.8 13.0 17.5 2005 7 5MPV0730_2 Maricopa AZ 144.0 146.5 9.0 9.55.6 5.8 13.0 16.0 2005 7 5MPV0730_3 Maricopa AZ 138.0 132.0 10.5 9.1 7.08.5 20.0 20.0 2005 7 5MPV0730_4 Maricopa AZ 137.0 139.5 9.9 9.6 6.9 7.018.0 17.0 Average 139.6 140.4 9.8 9.4 6.5 7.1 16.0 17.6 No. Comparisons4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 Difference −0.8 0.4 −0.6 −1.6 F ratio - Analysis ofVariance 0.124 0.527 2.119 1.610 Probablity of difference - F test 0.7480.543 0.283 0.294 Significance NS NS NS NS # of Nodes to 1st Number Gr.Seed Fruiting of Seeds/ Cotton/ Test Description Branch Boll Boll YEARREGION Replication CITY STATE 04T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 565 04T048 DP 5652005 7 5MPV0730_1 Maricopa AZ 5.0 7.5 5.1 5.8 2005 7 5MPV0730_2 MaricopaAZ 4.0 6.0 33.0 30.4 4.7 4.6 2005 7 5MPV0730_3 Maricopa AZ 8.0 6.0 30.524.8 5.3 5.6 2005 7 5MPV0730_4 Maricopa AZ 6.0 6.0 31.8 30.1 5.7 4.9Average 5.8 6.4 31.8 28.4 5.2 5.2 No. Comparisons 4.0 3.0 4.0 Difference−0.6 3.4 0.0 F ratio - Analysis of Variance 0.369 7.770 0.004 Probablityof difference - F test 0.586 0.108 0.956 Significance NS NS NS Valuesare derived from the Analysis of Variance routine in the EXCEL -ANALYSIS TOOL PAK add-in

As shown in Table 2-3, cotton variety 04T048 is distinct from cottonvariety DP 565. For example, variety 04T048 differs from variety DP 565in that 04T048's lint percent and strength (HVI) is significantly higherand 04T048's micronaire (HVI) is significantly lower.

I. Breeding Cotton Variety 04T048

One aspect of the current invention concerns methods for crossing thecotton variety 04T048 with itself or a second plant and the seeds andplants produced by such methods. These methods can be used forpropagation of the cotton variety 04T048, or can be used to producehybrid cotton seeds and the plants grown therefrom. A hybrid plant canbe used as a recurrent parent at any given stage in a backcrossingprotocol during the production of a single locus conversion of thecotton variety 04T048.

The variety of the present invention is well suited to the developmentof new varieties based on the elite nature of the genetic background ofthe variety. In selecting a second plant to cross with 04T048 for thepurpose of developing novel cotton varieties, it will typically bedesired to choose those plants which themselves exhibit one or moreselected desirable characteristics. Examples of potentially desiredcharacteristics include higher fiber (lint) yield, earlier maturity,improved fiber quality, resistance to diseases and insects, tolerance todrought and heat, and improved agronomic traits.

Any time the cotton variety 04T048 is crossed with another, different,variety, first generation (F₁) cotton progeny are produced. The hybridprogeny are produced regardless of characteristics of the two varietiesproduced. As such, an F₁ hybrid cotton plant may be produced by crossing04T048 with any second cotton plant. The second cotton plant may begenetically homogeneous (e.g., inbred) or may itself be a hybrid.Therefore, any F₁ hybrid cotton plant produced by crossing cottonvariety 04T048 with a second cotton plant is a part of the presentinvention.

Cotton plants can be crossed by either natural or mechanical techniques.Natural pollination occurs in cotton either by self pollination ornatural cross pollination, which typically is aided by pollinatingorganisms. In either natural or artificial crosses, flowering andflowering time are important considerations.

The cotton flower is monecious in that the male and female structuresare in the same flower. The crossed or hybrid seed can be produced bymanual crosses between selected parents. Floral buds of the parent thatis to be the female can be emasculated prior to the opening of theflower by manual removal of the male anthers. At flowering, the pollenfrom flowers of the parent plants designated as male, can be manuallyplaced on the stigma of the previous emasculated flower. Seed developedfrom the cross is known as first generation (F₁) hybrid seed. Plantingof this seed produces F₁ hybrid plants of which half their geneticcomponent is from the female parent and half from the male parent.Segregation of genes begins at meiosis thus producing second generation(F₂) seed. Assuming multiple genetic differences between the originalparents, each F₂ seed has a unique combination of genes.

Self-pollination occurs naturally in cotton with no manipulation of theflowers. For the crossing of two cotton plants, it is typicallypreferable to utilize artificial hybridization. In artificialhybridization, the flower used as a female in a cross is manually crosspollinated prior to maturation of pollen from the flower, therebypreventing self fertilization, or alternatively, the male parts of theflower are emasculated using a technique known in the art. Techniquesfor emasculating the male parts of a cotton flower include, for example,physical removal of the male parts, use of a genetic factor conferringmale sterility, and application of a chemical gametocide to the maleparts.

For artificial hybridization employing emasculation, flowers that areexpected to open the following day are selected on the female parent.The buds are swollen and the corolla is just visible through the calyxor has begun to emerge. Usually no more than two buds on a parent plantare prepared, and all self-pollinated flowers or immature buds areremoved with forceps. Special care is required to remove immature budsthat are hidden under the stipules at the leaf axil, and could developinto flowers at a later date. The flower is grasped between the thumband index finger and the location of the stigma determined by examiningthe sepals. The calyx is removed by grasping a sepal with the forceps,pulling it down and around the flower, and repeating the procedure untilthe five sepals are removed. The exposed corolla is removed with care toavoid injuring the stigma. Cross-pollination can then be carried outusing, for example, petri dishes or envelopes in which male flowers havebeen collected. Desiccators containing calcium chloride crystals can beused in some environments to dry male flowers to obtain adequate pollenshed.

Either with or without emasculation of the female flower, handpollination can be carried out by removing the stamens and pistil with aforceps from a flower of the male parent and gently brushing the anthersagainst the stigma of the female flower. Access to the stamens can beachieved by removing the front sepal and keel petals, or piercing thekeel with closed forceps and allowing them to open to push the petalsaway. Brushing the anthers on the stigma causes them to rupture, and thehighest percentage of successful crosses is obtained when pollen isclearly visible on the stigma. Pollen shed can be checked by tapping theanthers before brushing the stigma. Several male flowers may have to beused to obtain suitable pollen shed when conditions are unfavorable, orthe same male may be used to pollinate several flowers with good pollenshed.

Cross-pollination is more common within rows than between adjacent rows;therefore, it may be preferable to grow populations with genetic malesterility on a square grid to create rows in all directions. Forexample, single-plant hills on 50-cm centers may be used, withsubdivision of the area into blocks of an equal number of hills forharvest from bulks of an equal amount of seed from male-sterile plantsin each block to enhance random pollination.

II. Improvement of Cotton Varieties

In certain further aspects, the invention provides plants modified toinclude at least a first desired trait. Such plants may, in oneembodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique calledbackcrossing, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological andphysiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition toa genetic locus transferred into the hybrid via the backcrossingtechnique. The term backcrossing as used herein refers to the repeatedcrossing of a hybrid progeny back to a starting variety into whichintroduction of the desired trait is being carried out. The parentalplant which contributes the locus or loci for the desired trait istermed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to thefact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcrossprotocol and therefore does not recur.

The parental cotton plant to which the locus or loci from thenonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent asit is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol (Poehlman etal., 1995; Fehr, 1987; Sprague and Dudley, 1988). In a typical backcrossprotocol, the original line of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed toa second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the genetic locus tobe transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossedagain to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a cottonplant is obtained wherein essentially all of the desired morphologicaland physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recoveredin the converted plant, in addition to the transferred locus from thenonrecurrent parent.

The backcross process may be accelerated by the use of genetic markers,such as Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al.,1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA AmplificationFingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs),Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified FragmentLength Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety), and Single NucleotidePolymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., 1998) to identify plants with thegreatest genetic complement from the recurrent parent.

The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for asuccessful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol isto add or substitute one or more new traits in a variety. To accomplishthis, a genetic locus of the recurrent parent is modified or substitutedwith the desired locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retainingessentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore thedesired physiological and morphological constitution of the originalplant. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend onthe purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add somecommercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. Theexact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or traitbeing altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Althoughbackcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic beingtransferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also betransferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test ofthe progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has beensuccessfully transferred.

Many traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for inthe development of a new variety but that can be improved bybackcrossing techniques. A genetic locus conferring the traits may ormay not be transgenic. Examples of such traits known to those of skillin the art include, but are not limited to, male sterility, herbicidetolerance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insectresistance, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality and improvedfiber characteristics. These genes are generally inherited through thenucleus, but may be inherited through the cytoplasm.

Direct selection may be applied where a genetic locus acts as a dominanttrait. An example of a dominant trait is the herbicide tolerance trait.For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayedwith the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminatesany plants which do not have the desired herbicide tolerancecharacteristic, and only those plants which have the herbicide tolerancegene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeatedfor all additional backcross generations.

Many useful traits are those which are introduced by genetictransformation techniques. Methods for the genetic transformation ofcotton are known to those of skill in the art. For example, broadlyapplicable plant transformation methods which have been describedinclude Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, microprojectilebombardment, electroporation, and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts.

Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is a widely applicable system forintroducing gene loci into plant cells, including cotton. An advantageof the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues,thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from aprotoplast. Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable ofreplication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenientmanipulations (Klee et al., 1985). Moreover, recent technologicaladvances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer haveimproved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectorsto facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing variouspolypeptide coding genes. The vectors described have convenientmulti-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation sitefor direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes.Additionally, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genescan be used for transformation.

In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation isefficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and definednature of the gene locus transfer. The use of Agrobacterium-mediatedplant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is wellknown in the art (Fraley et al., 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055). Oneefficient means for transformation of cotton in particular istransformation and regeneration of cotton hypocotyl explants followinginoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens from primary callusdevelopment, embryogenesis, embryogenic callus identification,transgenic cotton shoot production and the development of transgenicplants, as is known in the art.

To effect transformation by electroporation, for example, one may employeither friable tissues, such as a suspension culture of cells orembryogenic callus or alternatively one may transform immature embryosor other organized tissue directly. In this technique, one wouldpartially degrade the cell walls of the chosen cells by exposing them topectin-degrading enzymes (pectolyases) or mechanically wound tissues ina controlled manner. Protoplasts may also be employed forelectroporation transformation of plants (Bates, 1994; Lazzeri, 1995).For example, the generation of transgenic cotyledon-derived protoplastswas described by Dhir and Widholm in Intl. Patent Appl. Publ. No. WO92/17598, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein byreference. When protoplasts are used, transformation can also beachieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation,polyethylene glycol treatment, and combinations of these treatments(see, e.g., Potrykus et al., 1985; Omirulleh et al., 1993; Fromm et al.,1986; Uchimiya et al., 1986; Marcotte et al., 1988).

Microprojectile bombardment is another efficient method for deliveringtransforming DNA segments to plant cells. In this method, particles arecoated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propellingforce. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten,platinum, and preferably, gold. For the bombardment, cells in suspensionare concentrated on filters or solid culture medium. Alternatively,immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culturemedium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriatedistance below the macroprojectile stopping plate.

Microprojectile bombardment techniques are widely applicable, and may beused to transform virtually any plant species. The application ofmicroprojectile bombardment for the transformation of cotton isdescribed, for example, in Rajasekaran et al., 1996. An illustrativeembodiment of a method for microprojectile bombardment is the BiolisticsParticle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coatedwith DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytexscreen, onto a surface covered with target cells. The screen dispersesthe particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells inlarge aggregates. It is believed that a screen intervening between theprojectile apparatus and the cells to be bombarded reduces the size ofprojectiles aggregate and may contribute to a higher frequency oftransformation by reducing the damage inflicted on the recipient cellsby projectiles that are too large.

It is understood to those of skill in the art that a locus of transgenicorigin need not be directly transformed into a plant, as techniques forthe production of stably transformed cotton plants that pass single locito progeny by Mendelian inheritance is well known in the art. Suchsingle loci may therefore be passed from parent plant to progeny plantsby standard plant breeding techniques that are well known in the art.Non-limiting examples of traits that may be introduced directly or bybackcrossing are presented below.

A. Male Sterility

Male sterility genes can increase the efficiency with which hybrids aremade, in that they eliminate the need to physically emasculate the plantused as a female in a given cross. Where one desires to employmale-sterility systems, it may be beneficial to also utilize one or moremale-fertility restorer genes. For example, where cytoplasmic malesterility (CMS) is used, hybrid crossing requires three inbred lines:(1) a cytoplasmically male-sterile line having a CMS cytoplasm; (2) afertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, which is isogenic with the CMSline for nuclear genes (“maintainer line”); and (3) a distinct, fertileinbred with normal cytoplasm, carrying a fertility restoring gene(“restorer” line). The CMS line is propagated by pollination with themaintainer line, with all of the progeny being male sterile, as the CMScytoplasm is derived from the female parent. These male sterile plantscan then be efficiently employed as the female parent in hybrid crosseswith the restorer line, without the need for physical emasculation ofthe male reproductive parts of the female parent.

The presence of a male-fertility restorer gene results in the productionof fully fertile F₁ hybrid progeny. If no restorer gene is present inthe male parent, male-sterile hybrids are obtained. Examples ofmale-sterility genes and corresponding restorers which could be employedwith the plants of the invention are well known to those of skill in theart of plant breeding. Examples of such genes include CMS-D2-2 (Meyer,1975), CMS-hir, CMS-D8 (Stewart, 1992), CMS-D4 (Meshram et al., 1994),and CMS-C1 (Zhang and Stewart, 1999). Fertility can be restored toCMS-D2-2 by the D2 restorer in which the restorer factor(s) wasintroduced from the genome of G. harknessii Brandegee (D2-2).Microsporogenesis in both CMS systems aborts during the premeiotic stage(Black, 1997). One dominant restorer gene from the D8 restorer wasidentified to restore fertility of CMS-D8 (Zhang and Stewart, 2001). TheD2 restorer for CMS-D2-2 also restores the fertility of CMS-D8, CMS-hir,and CMS-C1 (Zhang and Stewart, 1999).

B. Herbicide Tolerance

Numerous herbicide tolerance genes are known and may be employed withthe plants of the invention. An example is a gene conferring toleranceto a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such asimidazalinone or sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code formutant ALS and AHAS enzymes as described, for example, by Lee et al.,(1988); Gleen et al., (1992); Miki et al., (1990).

Tolerance genes for glyphosate (tolerance conferred by mutant5-enolpyruvl-3 phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes) and otherphosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase (bar) genes) may also be used. For example, U.S. Pat. No.4,940,835 to Shah, et al., discloses the nucleotide sequence of a formof EPSPS which can confer glyphosate tolerance. A DNA molecule encodinga mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession number 39256,and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 4,769,061 to Comai. European patent application No. 0 333 033 toKumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclosenucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confertolerance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotidesequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase gene is provided inEuropean application No. 0 242 246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al.,(1989), describe the production of transgenic plants that expresschimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferaseactivity. Exemplary genes conferring tolerance to herbicidal phenoxypropionic acids and cycloshexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop arethe Acct-S1, Accl-S2 and Acct-S3 genes described by Marshall et al.,(1992). U.S. Patent Application No: 20030135879 describes isolation of agene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) from Psueodmonas maltophilia whichis involved in the conversion of a herbicidal form of the herbicidedicamba to a non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid and thus may be usedfor producing plants tolerant to this herbicide.

Genes are also known conferring tolerance to a herbicide that inhibitsphotosynthesis, such as triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and benzonitrile(nitrilase gene). Przibilla et al., (1991), describe the transformationof Chlamydomonas with plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotidesequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available underATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression ofDNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al.,(1992).

C. Disease Resistance

Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between theproduct of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product ofa corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line canbe transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that areresistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al.,(1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporiumfulvum); Martin et al., (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae pv.); Mindrinos et al., (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae). Logemann et al., (1992),for example, disclose transgenic plants expressing a barleyribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungaldisease.

A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom may alsobe used for viral disease resistance. For example, the accumulation ofviral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance toviral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus fromwhich the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses.See Beachy et al., (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has beenconferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumbermosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y,tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus.

A virus-specific antibody may also be used. See, for example,Tavladoraki et al., (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressingrecombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.

D. Insect Resistance

One example of an insect resistance gene includes a Bacillusthuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof, or a synthetic polypeptidemodeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., (1986), who disclosethe cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover,DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from theAmerican Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., for example, under ATCCAccession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Another example is alectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al., (1994), who disclose thenucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectingenes. A vitamin-binding protein may also be used, such as avidin. SeePCT application US93/06487, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference. This application teaches the use of avidinand avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.

Yet another insect resistance gene is an enzyme inhibitor, for example,a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, forexample, Abe et al., (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteineproteinase inhibitor), Huub et al., (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNAencoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I), and Sumitani et al., (1993)(nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces nitrosporeus α-amylase inhibitor).An insect-specific hormone or pheromone may also be used. See, forexample, Hammock et al., (1990) disclosing baculovirus expression ofcloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.

Still other examples include an insect-specific antibody or animmunotoxin derived therefrom and a developmental-arrestive protein. SeeTaylor et al., (1994), who described enzymatic inactivation intransgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments.

E. Modified Fatty Acid, Phytate and Carbohydrate Metabolism

Genes may be used conferring modified fatty acid metabolism. Forexample, stearyl-ACP desaturase genes may be used. See Knutzon et al.,(1992). Various fatty acid desaturases have also been described, such asa Saccharomyces cerevisiae OLE1 gene encoding delta-9 fatty aciddesaturase, an enzyme which forms the monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1)and oleic (18:1) fatty acids from palmitoyl (16:0) or stearoyl (18:0)CoA (McDonough et al., 1992); a gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrierprotein Δ9 desaturase from castor (Fox et al., 1993); Δ6 and Δ12desaturases from the cyanobacteria Synechocystis responsible for theconversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 gamma)(Reddy et al., 1993); a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana that encodes anomega-3 desaturase (Arondel et al., 1992); plant Δ9 desaturases (PCTApplication Publ. No. WO 91/13972) and soybean and Brassica Δ15desaturases (European Patent Application Publ. No. EP 0616644).

Phytate metabolism may also be modified by introduction of aphytase-encoding gene to enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more freephosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldtet al., (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus niger phytase gene. This, for example, could be accomplishedby cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allelewhich is responsible for mutants characterized by low levels of phyticacid. See Raboy et al., (1990).

A number of genes are known that may be used to alter carbohydratemetabolism. For example, plants may be transformed with a gene codingfor an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shirozaet al., (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutantsfructosyltransferase gene), Steinmetz et al., (1985) (nucleotidesequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene), Pen et al., (1992)(production of transgenic plants that express Bacillus lichenifonnisα-amylase), Elliot et al., (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomatoinvertase genes), Sergaard et al., (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis ofbarley α-amylase gene), and Fisher et al., (1993) (maize endospermstarch branching enzyme II). The Z10 gene encoding a 10 kD zein storageprotein from maize may also be used to alter the quantities of 10 kDZein in the cells relative to other components (Kirihara et al., 1988).

F. Improved Cotton Fiber Characteristics

Fiber characteristics such as fiber quality of quantity representanother example of a trait that may be modified in cotton varieties. Forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,588 describes transgenic cotton plantstransformed with a sucrose phosphate synthase nucleic acid to alterfiber characteristics such as strength, length, fiber fineness, fibermaturity ratio, immature fiber content, fiber uniformity, andmicronaire. Cotton plants comprising one or more genes coding for anenzyme selected from the group consisting of endoxyloglucan transferase,catalase and peroxidase for the improvement of cotton fibercharacteristics are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,022. Cottonmodification using ovary-tissue transcriptional factors preferentiallydirecting gene expression in ovary tissue, particularly in very earlyfruit development, utilized to express genes encoding isopentenyltransferase in cotton ovule tissue and modify the characteristics ofboll set in cotton plants and alter fiber quality characteristicsincluding fiber dimension and strength is discussed in U.S. Pat. No.6,329,570. A gene controlling the fiber formation mechanism in cottonplants is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,174.

Genes involved in lignin biosynthesis are described by Dwivedi et al.,(1994); Tsai et al., (1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,514 (claiming the useof cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene in an antisense orientation suchthat the endogenous plant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene isinhibited).

III. Tissue Cultures and In Vitro Regeneration of Cotton Plants

A further aspect of the invention relates to tissue cultures of thecotton variety designated 04T048. As used herein, the term “tissueculture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the sameor a different type or a collection of such cells organized into partsof a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calliand plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such asembryos, pollen, flowers, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, and thelike. In a preferred embodiment, the tissue culture comprises embryos,protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers.

An important ability of a tissue culture is the capability to regeneratefertile plants. This allows, for example, transformation of the tissueculture cells followed by regeneration of transgenic plants. Fortransformation to be efficient and successful, DNA must be introducedinto cells that give rise to plants or germ-line tissue.

Plants typically are regenerated via two distinct processes; shootmorphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (Finer, 1996). Shootmorphogenesis is the process of shoot meristem organization anddevelopment. Shoots grow out from a source tissue and are excised androoted to obtain an intact plant. During somatic embryogenesis, anembryo (similar to the zygotic embryo), containing both shoot and rootaxes, is formed from somatic plant tissue. An intact plant rather than arooted shoot results from the germination of the somatic embryo.

Shoot morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis are different processesand the specific route of regeneration is primarily dependent on theexplant source and media used for tissue culture manipulations. Whilethe systems are different, both systems show variety-specific responseswhere some lines are more responsive to tissue culture manipulationsthan others. A line that is highly responsive in shoot morphogenesis maynot generate many somatic embryos. Lines that produce large numbers ofembryos during an induction step may not give rise to rapidly-growingproliferative cultures. Therefore, it may be desired to optimize tissueculture conditions for each cotton line. These optimizations may readilybe carried out by one of skill in the art of tissue culture throughsmall-scale culture studies. In addition to line-specific responses,proliferative cultures can be observed with both shoot morphogenesis andsomatic embryogenesis. Proliferation is beneficial for both systems, asit allows a single, transformed cell to multiply to the point that itwill contribute to germ-line tissue.

Embryogenic cultures can also be used successfully for regeneration,including regeneration of transgenic plants, if the origin of theembryos is recognized and the biological limitations of proliferativeembryogenic cultures are understood. Biological limitations include thedifficulty in developing proliferative embryogenic cultures and reducedfertility problems (culture-induced variation) associated with plantsregenerated from long-term proliferative embryogenic cultures. Some ofthese problems are accentuated in prolonged cultures. The use of morerecently cultured cells may decrease or eliminate such problems.

IV. Definitions

In the description and tables which follow, a number of terms are used.In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of thespecification and claims, the following definitions are provided:

A: When used in conjunction with the word “comprising” or other openlanguage in the claims, the words “a” and “an” denote “one or more.”

Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all ofwhich alleles relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cellor organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding locion a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybridprogeny, for example a first generation hybrid (F₁), back to one of theparents of the hybrid progeny. Backcrossing can be used to introduce oneor more single locus conversions from one genetic background intoanother.

Cm to FFB: Measure of centimeters to first fruiting branch.

Crossing: The mating of two parent plants.

Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes fromdifferent plants.

Desired Agronomic Characteristics: Agronomic characteristics (which willvary from crop to crop and plant to plant) such as yield, maturity, pestresistance and lint percent which are desired in a commerciallyacceptable crop or plant. For example, improved agronomiccharacteristics for cotton include yield, maturity, fiber content andfiber qualities.

Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes.

Disease Resistance: The ability of plants to restrict the activities ofa specified pest, such as an insect, fungus, virus, or bacterial.

Disease Tolerance: The ability of plants to endure a specified pest(such as an insect, fungus, virus or bacteria) or an adverseenvironmental condition and still perform and produce in spite of thisdisorder.

Donor Parent: The parent of a variety which contains the gene or traitof interest which is desired to be introduced into a second variety.

E1: Refers to elongation, a measure of fiber elasticity (high=moreelastic).

ELS: The abbreviation for “Extra Long Staple.” ELS is the groupclassification for cotton in the longest staple length category. As usedin practice and for commerce, ELS denotes varieties belonging to thespecies G. barbadense that have superior fiber qualities, includingclassification in the longest staple length category.

Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation ofthe organs with a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor conferring malesterility or a chemical agent.

Essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics: Aplant having essentially all the physiological and morphologicalcharacteristics means a plant having the physiological and morphologicalcharacteristics, except for the characteristics derived from the desiredtrait.

F₁ Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenicplants.

Fallout (Fo): As used herein, the term “fallout” refers to the rating ofhow much cotton has fallen on the ground at harvest.

FB5 cm to FFN: Measure of centimeters from main stem to first fruitingnode at fruiting branch 5.

2.5% Fiber Span Length: Refers to the longest 2.5% of a bundle of fibersexpressed in inches as measured by a digital fibergraph.

Fiber Characteristics: Refers to fiber qualities such as strength, fiberlength, micronaire, fiber elongation, uniformity of fiber and amount offiber.

Fiber Elongation: Sometimes referred to as E1, refers to the elongationof the fiber at the point of breakage in the strength determination asmeasured by High Volume Instrumentation (HVI).

2.5% Fiber Span Length: Refers to the longest 2.5% of a bundle of fibersexpressed in inches as measured by a digital fibergraph.

Fiber Span Length: The distance spanned by a specific percentage offibers in a test specimen, where the initial starting point of thescanning in the test is considered 100 percent as measured by a digitalfibergraph.

Fiber Strength: Also referred to as T1, denotes the force required tobreak a bundle of fibers. Fiber strength is expressed in millinewtons(mn) per tex on a stelometer.

Fruiting Nodes: The number of nodes on the main stem from which arisebranches that bear fruit or boll in the first position.

Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism.

Gin Turnout: Refers to fraction of lint in a machine harvested sample ofseed cotton (lint, seed, and trash).

Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets ofchromosomes in a diploid.

Length (Len): The fiber length in inches.

Linkage: A phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend tosegregate together more often than expected by chance if theirtransmission was independent.

Lint Index: The weight of lint per seed in milligrams.

Lint Percent: The percentage of the seed cotton that is lint, handpickedsamples.

Lint Yield: Refers to the measure of the quantity of fiber produced on agiven unit of land. Presented below in pounds of lint per acre.

Lint/boll: As used herein, the term “lint/boll” is the weight of lintper boll.

Maturity Rating: A visual rating near harvest on the amount of openboils on the plant. The rating range is from 1 to 5, 1 being early and 5being late.

Micronaire (Mic): Refers to a measure of fiber fineness (high=coarsefiber). Within a cotton cultivar, micronaire is also a measure ofmaturity. Micronaire differences are governed by changes in perimeter orin cell wall thickness, or by changes in both. Within a variety, cottonperimeter is fairly consistent and maturity will cause a change inmicronaire. Consequently, micronaire has a high correlation withmaturity within a variety of cotton. Maturity is the degree ofdevelopment of cell wall thickness.

Mr: Fiber maturity ratio.

Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, whichcharacteristics are the manifestation of gene expression.

Plant Height: The average height in meters of a group of plants.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer togenetic loci that control to some degree numerically representabletraits that are usually continuously distributed.

Recurrent Parent: The repeating parent (variety) in a backcross breedingprogram. The recurrent parent is the variety into which a gene or traitis desired to be introduced.

Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture.

Seed/boll: Refers to the number of seeds per boll, handpicked samples.

Seedcotton/boll: Refers to the weight of seedcotton per boll, handpickedsamples.

Seedweight: Refers to the weight of 100 seeds in grams.

Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigmaof the same plant or a plant of the same genotype.

Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed bya plant breeding technique called backcrossing wherein essentially allof the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of avariety are recovered in addition to the characteristics conferred bythe single locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossingtechnique. A single locus may comprise one gene, or in the case oftransgenic plants, one or more transgenes integrated into the hostgenome at a single site (locus).

Stringout Rating: also sometimes referred to as “Storm Resistance”refers to a visual rating prior to harvest of the relative looseness ofthe seed cotton held in the boll structure on the plant. The ratingvalues are from 1 to 5 (tight to loose in the boll).

Substantially Equivalent: A characteristic that, when compared, does notshow a statistically significant difference (e.g., p=0.05) from themean.

T1: A measure of fiber strength, grams per tex (high=stronger fiber).

Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or adifferent type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of aplant.

Transgene: A genetic locus comprising a sequence which has beenintroduced into the genome of a cotton plant by transformation.

Uniformity Ratio (Ur): The proportion of uniform length fibers. Theuniformity ratio is determined by dividing the 50% fiber span length bythe 2.5% fiber span length.

Vegetative Nodes: The number of nodes from the cotyledonary node to thefirst fruiting branch on the main stem of the plant.

V. Deposit Information

Applicant has made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of cotton variety04T048 disclosed herein with the American Type Culture Collection(ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 USA. Theaccession number for the deposit is ATCC Accession No. PTA-9900. Theseeds were deposited with the ATCC on Mar. 26, 2009. Access to thisdeposit will be available during the pendency of the application to theCommissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by theCommissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. The deposit will bemaintained for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recentrequest, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer,and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period.Applicant does not waive any rights granted under this patent or underthe Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.).

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplaryprocedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, arespecifically incorporated herein by reference.

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1. A seed of cotton variety 04T048, wherein a representative sample ofseed of said variety was deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9900. 2.A cotton plant produced by growing the seed of claim
 1. 3. A regenerableplant part of the plant of claim
 2. 4. The plant part of claim 3,wherein said plant part is pollen, an ovule or a cell.
 5. A tissueculture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim
 2. 6. The tissueculture of claim 5, wherein the regenerable cells are from embryos,meristematic cells, pollen, leaves, roots, root tips, anther, pistil,flower, seed, boll or stem.
 7. A cotton plant regenerated from thetissue culture of claim 5, wherein the regenerated cotton plantexpresses all of the physiological and morphological characteristics ofcotton variety 04T048, a representative sample of seed of said varietyhaving been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9900.
 8. A method ofproducing cotton seed, comprising crossing the plant of claim 2 withitself or a second cotton plant.
 9. The method of claim 8, furtherdefined as a method of preparing hybrid cotton seed, comprising crossingcotton variety 04T048 with a second, distinct cotton plant.
 10. An F₁hybrid cotton seed produced by the method of claim
 9. 11. An F₁ hybridcotton plant produced by growing the seed of claim
 10. 12. A method ofproducing a cotton plant having an added desired trait, wherein themethod comprises introducing a transgene conferring the desired traitinto the cotton plant of claim
 2. 13. The method of claim 12, whereinthe desired trait is selected from the group consisting of malesterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, diseaseresistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydratemetabolism and modified cotton fiber characteristics.
 14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and thetolerance is conferred to an herbicide selected from the groupconsisting of glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba,glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, cyclohexanedione, triazine,benzonitrile and bromoxynil.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein thedesired trait is insect resistance and the transgene encodes a Bacillusthuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin.
 16. A cotton plant produced by the methodof claim 12, wherein the plant comprises the desired trait and all ofthe physiological and morphological characteristics of cotton variety04T048 when grown in the same environmental conditions.
 17. A method ofintroducing a single locus conversion into cotton variety 04T048comprising: (a) crossing a plant of variety 04T048, representativesample of seed of said variety having been deposited under ATCCAccession No. PTA-9900, with a second plant comprising a desired singlelocus to produce F1 progeny plants; (b) selecting F1 progeny plants thathave the single locus to produce selected F1 progeny plants; (c)crossing the selected progeny plants with at least a first plant ofvariety 04T048 to produce backcross progeny plants; (d) selectingbackcross progeny plants that have the single locus and physiologicaland morphological characteristics of cotton variety 04T048 to produceselected backcross progeny plants; and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d)one or more times in succession to produce selected second or higherbackcross progeny plants that comprise the single locus and otherwisecomprise all of the physiological and morphological characteristics ofcotton variety 04T048 when grown in the same environmental conditions.18. The method of claim 17, wherein the single locus confers a traitselected from the group consisting of male sterility; herbicidetolerance; insect or pest resistance; disease resistance; modified fattyacid metabolism; modified carbohydrate metabolism; and modified cottonfiber characteristics.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the trait istolerance to an herbicide selected from the group consisting ofglyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxyproprionic acid, cyclohexanedione, triazine, benzonitrile andbromoxynil.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the trait is insectresistance and the insect resistance is conferred by a transgeneencoding a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin.
 21. A cotton plant producedby the method of claim 17, wherein the plant has the desired singlelocus and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics ofcotton variety 04T048.
 22. A method of producing an inbred cotton plantderived from the cotton variety 04T048, the method comprising the stepsof: (a) preparing a progeny plant derived from cotton variety 04T048, arepresentative sample of seed of said variety having been depositedunder ATCC Accession No. PTA-9900, by crossing cotton variety 04T048with a cotton plant of a second variety; (b) crossing the progeny plantwith itself or a second plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of asubsequent generation; (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequentgeneration from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequentgeneration with itself or a second plant; and (d) repeating steps (b)and (c) for an additional 3-10 generations with sufficient inbreeding toproduce an inbred cotton plant derived from the cotton variety 04T048.23. A method of producing a commodity plant product comprising obtainingthe plant of claim 2 or a part thereof and producing said commodityplant product therefrom.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein thecommodity plant product is lint or cotton seed oil.